Maize is one of the priority food security crops in Uganda but is challenged by post-harvest losses. However, there are still gaps in promoting modern post-harvest handling and storage technology for food security. This study established the contribution of maize to food security in Gulu district, the improved post-harvest strategies of maize for food security, the effectiveness of the technologies, and the factors influencing the decision on the preferred technologies. An exploratory research design was used on 170 households from four sub-counties and supplemented with information from the District Agricultural Production Office. The study revealed that maize was the third staple, after millet and cassava. There was a positive relationship (r = 0.152, P = 0.048) between the new storage methods used and the storage duration. Most (97%) of the farmers were informed about the improved technologies, mainly through fellow farmers, but could not financially afford technologies, with 52.4% proposing subsidies for new technologies. Apart from using the tarpaulin (62.9%) for drying, the majority of farmers manually shelled the maize, with only large-scale operators (2%) affording the motorized shellers. The quantity of maize grown positively (r = 0.172, P = 0.025) determined the amount that was reserved for consumption. The majority (98.2%) of farmers could only afford traditional sacks for storage. Long storage of maize was related (r = 0.352, P = 0.000) to the farmer's knowledge of aflatoxins. For food safety, there was a positive relationship (r = 0.294, P < 0.001) between technology awareness and knowledge of aflatoxins, with at least 51% of the farmers knowledgeable about aflatoxins. However, the post-harvest technologies did not determine the meals that households had due to the availability of other sources of food. In conclusion, subsidies were key to the promotion of new maize post-harvest technologies that can enhance maize productivity for food and income security.

Uganda's fisheries sub-sector is key to the livelihoods and the national economy. The country is therefore promoting aquaculture as one of the interventions to meet the increasing demand for fish. This study assessed the awareness and adoption levels of improved fish farming technologies and the related influencing factors. A cross-sectional survey captured 102 randomly selected households from eight purposefully selected sub-counties in Busia District. Socioeconomic and institutional variables included age and sex of the household head, level of education, marital status, household size, number and size of ponds, and time devoted to the fishery enterprise. The study considered accessibility to extension services, credit, and membership to a farmer organization. Improved technologies and practices included site suitability assessment, water quality management, pond liming, pond fertilization, water circulation, improved seed and feed, stocking rate, regular sampling, predator control, disease control, and record-keeping. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, logistic regression, and multivariate probit models. Adoption of the technologies was significantly less than awareness. Awareness of improved fish farming technologies was significantly influenced by the level of education (p = 0.081), time allocation to the enterprise (p = 0.041), and membership in a farmer association (p = 0.008). Four technologies, with a score of 50%, were adopted, in the order of site suitability, pond fertilization, pond liming, and integrated fish enterprise. Adoption of the technologies was significantly motivated by education (p = 0.004), membership in farmer organizations (p = 0.023) and pond size (p = 0.016). Lack of capital featured highest among the constraints that could limit farmers' access to improved inputs. Other constraints were pollution from gold mines, inadequate extension, predators, and theft. Strengthening the extension services is key to handle the very technical aspects of fisheries. This can be complemented with strong farmer groups to ease training, knowledge dissemination, and access to funds.

Farming is the practice involving land cultivation and livestock rearing. It contributes significantly to Uganda's economy and to the survival of the people therein. However, the annual income of farmers is affected by the reduction in quantity and quality of crop yields due to infestation from pests and animals. As a way to curb these effects scarecrows have been developed and living labor has been deployed to frighten the pests especially birds however, these methods are not reliable. This project is aimed at designing and modeling of an automatic ultrasonic bird and rodent deterring system that utilizes motion detection sensors and ultrasonic speakers to deter birds and rodents from the farm. The PIR sensors detect motion from the pests and send a signal to the Arduino Uno microcontroller which activates the motor to rotate and the ultrasonic speakers to give off ultrasonic sound. This sound is above the hearing range of humans i.e. it is inaudible to humans but audible to pests thereby reducing noise pollution. In addition, we computed how the system can be accommodated on an acre of land. The prototype was able to detect the presence of a laboratory rat in the testing stage and give off ultrasonic sound in response. However, we faced a major challenge of maintaining a controlled environment to minimize external factors from influencing the rat's behavior and response to the prototype. There is hope that if the system is deployed by farmers it could significantly increase farm yields and economic benefits for farmers. The system's effectiveness in deterring the rodents and birds could also reduce the need for pesticides and other harmful chemicals, promoting a more sustainable and environmentally friendly approach to pest control. While installing this system on the farm, we recommend for the metallic stand to be adjustable in height so that it can be used in all stages of growth of the plants.

This study set out to explore the socio-economic characteristics of sunflower farmers in Bukedea district, Eastern Uganda. Data was collected from 372 respondents, including farmers and key stakeholders using a cross-sectional research design in August 2023. Results revealed integration of crops and animals among 69.3% of households, showcasing substantial sub-county differences, ranging from 25.5% in Kamutur to a peak of 88.9% in Kangole. Agroforestry was practiced among 33.2% of the households, exhibiting considerable variations among sub-counties, from 4.8% in Kangole to an impressive 68.1% in Kamutur. Conversely, mulching adoption stands at 14%, indicating significant sub-county disparities. Precision farming registers at 4.2%, while permanent planting basins and water diversion channels exhibit minimal adoption at 2.5% and 0.6%, respectively. The socio-economic analysis uncovered gender differences, with males predominant in some sub-counties (54.1% to 74%). Adults aged 36 to 55 dominated sunflower production at 46.9%, influenced by sub-county disparities. Decision-making power primarily rests with household heads at 51.4%, correlating with sub-county variations. Households with 6 to 10 members are prevalent at 47.5%, varying across sub-counties. The majority are married (88%), with primary education predominant at 50%, showing variations among sub-counties. Farming remains the primary occupation at 99.4%, supplemented by small-scale businesses (31.8%). Monthly household incomes vary significantly across sub-counties, with the majority falling within the 150,000 to 300,000-shilling bracket. Development efforts among sunflower producers in this area should pay attention to relevant socio-economic disparities to support enhanced sunflower productivity and performance in this area.

Global food security was interrupted by the unprecedented occurrence of the COVID-19 pandemic and in South Sudan. Women were among the vulnerable groups that were affected by the COVID-19 restrictions and standard operating procedures (SoPs). The objective of this study was to determine the impact of COVID-19 on food security among female-headed households in the study area. The study was conducted between August 2021 and January 2022. Data was collected in Northern Bahr El Ghazal state covering a sample size of 341 farming households. The analysis of the food security status was conducted based on the Consolidated Approach for Reporting Indicators of Food Security (CARI). Results show that 77% (263 households) were female-headed while 23% (78 households) were male-headed. Findings revealed that only 9.3% are food secure, 8.3% are moderately food secure, 32.8% are moderately food insecure while 49.7% are severely food insecure on the four-level scale. Similarly, only 15.5% were found to be in the food secure category while 84.5% of the households were food insecure on the 2-level scale. Coping strategies included sale of household items (61.4%), finding other work to supplement their agricultural activities (77.6%), revision of household food consumption (86.8%), new sales channels (20.1%) while 46% of the households did nothing. The average household income reduced significantly leading to low purchasing power and thus food insecurity. There was a significant reduction (P = 0.000) in the size of land under agricultural production. Precisely, 79.5% of the households reported a decrease in crop harvest. About 50.6% of the households lost access to produce markets while 48.4% lost access to supermarkets and could no longer supply their produce to those supermarkets. Furthermore, 40.1% of the households no longer had access to input markets and therefore could not get agro inputs to support their farming activities. About 26.7% of the households had no or limited access to produce stores and shops arising from the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions and standard operating procedures (SoPs). The study concluded that female-headed households are severely food insecure. Development efforts in the country should be directed towards supporting recovery and resilience systems among female-headed households.

The study was to determine the sustainability of the send-a-calf program in Mbale district, Uganda. The program was implemented by Heifer Project International in 1998 and phased out in 2006. Community members gave unconfirmed reports that: (i) the rate of recovery of calves from the beneficiaries and sending a calf to other potential beneficiaries in waiting was not satisfactory; (ii) some farmers got attached to the calves and were reluctant to send them to the next person in line. Therefore poor recovery of calves from beneficiary households was bound to affect the sustainability of the send-a-calf program. The three major areas of focus of the study included characterization of dairy program beneficiaries by compliance to send a calf, determining the profitability of dairy farm enterprises for those who benefited from the send-a-calf program, and determining factors that affected compliance of beneficiaries to send a calf. This study hypothesized that beneficiaries of the send-a-calf program who complied had significantly higher profits and households who had higher milk output had higher likelihood to send a calf to the next household. Objective one characterized the households involved in the send-a-calf program. It was realized that beneficiaries who were above average age, had good milk output, accessed training and received in-calf heifers complied. Objective two: beneficiary households who earned profits complied to send calves to secondary beneficiaries. Gross margin for all the 64 participating farmers in the send-a-calf program was calculated. The variables compared include monthly off-farm income for the household head, income from milk, livestock and other farm income. Profitability was attained by estimating the gross margin (per cow per year) for the program livestock as a proxy for the profit levels. Objective three: determinants of compliance for sending a calf during the first 3 years or not were analyzed using the binomial maximum likelihood probit function that assumes a simple household utility function. Household heads above average age, trained in livestock rearing and who received in-calf heifers complied in sending a calf to the next beneficiary. The beneficiaries who made profit complied to send the calves to secondary beneficiaries. Age of household head and milk output in litres were the most significant variables in determining compliance. The send-a-calf program was successful as 61 percent of beneficiaries made profit and complied in sending calves to secondary beneficiaries, hence the program was sustainable. Household heads should be given exotic breed in-calf heifers and thoroughly trained in livestock management in order to send calves within three years for better performance of the send-a-calf program.

Pests and diseases cause heavy economic losses to Ugandan farmers. Use of inorganic pesticides like Cypermethrin 4% to control pests and fungicides like copper oxychloride to control fungal diseases has compounded the problems because they are expensive, alter soil pH, are toxic to beneficial living organisms, get into the food web and are eventually consumed by man. They are also not host-specific and are toxic to beneficial organisms. This emphasizes the need for an environmentally friendly, non-toxic but effective pesticide to control crop pests and diseases.

The Department of Agriculture, Ndejje University, has come up with a bio-pesticide made from beneficial indigenous microorganisms, captured from the air, and the raw ingredients are rice wash water and milk. The major micro-organism captured is Lactobacillus and this replaces conventional, expensive and environmentally harmful inorganic pesticides.

Lactobacilli is a bio-pesticide which is anti-insecticidal, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal and a bio-fertilizer which increases soil fertility and improves aeration and retention of moisture content in the soil. It elevates mineral intake and organic decomposition in soils, increases root and shoot length in plants, solubilizes phosphates and carries out heavy metal removal and detoxification of fungal mycotoxins in soil. It also regulates soil organic matter, detoxifies hazardous chemicals and enhances plant health and growth by producing auxins and volatile fatty acids (Jegadeesh Raman et al., 2022).

Manufacture of Lactobacillus has been viewed as a wastage in a country where food availability is becoming critical. The argument is that use of milk and rice will result in malnutrition and hunger. This paper examines the fact that use of milk and rice to manufacture Lactobacillus to control pests, fungal and bacterial diseases and to act as a foliar feed and soil conditioner in one single application is an advantage.

The study focused on examining how different forms and drivers of urban agriculture impact the socioeconomic status of farmers in Kampala and Mbarara cities, Uganda. Urban agriculture plays a crucial role in enhancing food and income security for urban households, and understanding its dynamics is essential for sustainable urban development. The study adopted a cross-sectional research design and utilized multiple methods of data collection. A multistage cluster sampling technique was employed, involving simple random sampling to select primary and secondary sampling units, and purposive sampling to identify key informants and members for focus group discussions. Data collection instruments included social survey questionnaires for households, checklists for focus group discussions, interview guides for key informants, and direct observations. A total of 384 respondents participated in the study. The study revealed a significant association between the forms of urban agriculture and the socioeconomic status of farmers in Kampala and Mbarara cities. Key findings included strong correlations between household socio-economic status and various forms of urban agriculture such as subsistence farms (backyard, roadside, rooftop gardens), commercial farms (zero grazing, poultry, fish farms, crop farms), and tourist farms (demonstration sites), and substantial impacts of these forms on household food and income security. The findings underscore the importance of urban agriculture in improving the socioeconomic conditions of urban farmers. Different forms of urban agriculture contribute significantly to household food and income security. However, challenges such as limited access to land, lack of improved technologies, and inadequate training were identified as barriers. The study recommends establishment of community networks to facilitate knowledge sharing and resource pooling among urban farmers; provision of subsidies and credit facilities to enable farmers to invest in improved technologies and expand their operations; as well as recruitment and training of extension personnel to provide continuous support and technical assistance to urban farmers. These interventions are crucial for promoting sustainable urban agriculture and improving the overall well-being of urban communities in Kampala and Mbarara cities.

Uganda's dependence on wood fuel for heating is responsible for the rampant deforestation and soot pollution hazard in homesteads. Widening fuel sources with carbonized briquettes as a safe fuel can exploit the biomass diversity. This paper is an ex-post study of the promotion of briquetting for climate resilience with the goal of assessing the uptake and sustainability of clean energy in the Acholi sub-region. We focused on the availability of feedstock, the level of uptake of the briquette technology, and the influencing factors. A quasi-cross-sectional design was used across nine districts to collect data from 357 households as producers of feedstock as well as potential producers and consumers of briquettes, 42 commercial fuel users for quality and preferences, and 36 charcoal vendors for data on charcoal dust as an alternative feedstock. Findings indicated that farming occupies 43% of household heads, with 30% of them earning additional income from the production and transportation of wood fuel. The major crops were maize, rice, ground nuts, simsim and cotton, whose residues have a high carbon content, yet over 60% of them were discarded. Cassava ranked second to maize in dominance and served as a binder but competed with food, resulting in high costs of briquette making. Over 53% of charcoal dust was discarded, with only 8% used for briquette production. Firewood and charcoal served 54% and 13% of the households and 52% and 29% of the commercial fuel users, respectively. In contrast, carbonized briquettes had a lower usage of 0.1% and 2.4% at the domestic and commercial levels, respectively. The primary challenges hindering the adoption of briquetting, as reported by respondents, include a lack of awareness (85% of farmers, 86% of charcoal retailers, and 88% of commercial briquette producers), a lack of suppliers (10%), and the high cost of briquettes (2.4%). Most respondents indicated a need for hands-on training in the production process, access to machinery, and increased sensitization to enhance the adoption of briquetting. Promotion of briquettes can be achieved through training and technical support at the production level and with comprehensive awareness drives at the supply and end users.

Introduction Despite Uganda's conducive sexual reproductive health (SRH) policy and a youth-friendly environment in universities, many young people lack adequate spaces at Ndejje University (NDU) to meet and address their SRH challenges. Empirical studies on SRH safe spaces within university settings are rare, yet students at this level face heightened vulnerabilities. Safe spaces play a crucial role in facilitating open dialogue on sensitive topics, free from judgment, thereby enhancing support for students and staff in SRH services. This baseline study at NDU aimed to (1) assess the current availability of safe spaces; (2) explore students' perceptions of the safety and utility of existing spaces; and (3) capture preferences for ideal safe spaces. The study aims to inform targeted SRH interventions to bolster safe spaces for NDU students.

Methods Using a cross-sectional design, we surveyed 421 undergraduate, diploma, and certificate students, employing both open and closed-ended questions. Additionally, 13 key informant interviews were conducted with NDU officials responsible for safe spaces. Data collection occurred from November to December 2023. Quantitative data was analyzed using SPSS, while qualitative data underwent thematic analysis, with findings presented through tables, graphs, and verbatim quotations.

Results Most respondents (376) were aged 21–24, predominantly first-year undergraduates (179), with a majority identifying as Anglicans (174). SRH information and services were primarily accessed through the NDU health center, supplemented by sources like the Internet, peers, and university counselors. Male students sought reassurance services from faculty members, while female students preferred the Dean of Students office. Certain existing safe spaces were underutilized due to perceived judgmental attitudes, lack of trust, safety concerns, and perceived confidentiality issues. Students from the Kampala campus often sought alternative safe spaces outside of NDU.

Conclusions To enhance SRH support at NDU, management should prioritize raising awareness about existing formal safe spaces and diversifying them beyond traditional settings. This includes integrating unconventional spaces such as social media and infographics into SRH education. Furthermore, there is a pressing need to establish a dedicated counseling department and expand staff resources to meet student needs effectively. These recommendations aim to foster a more inclusive and supportive environment for SRH education and services at NDU.

Introduction Reducing health inequalities is a critical global imperative, as highlighted by the World Health Organization Commission on Social Determinants of Health. In Uganda, efforts to improve healthcare access included the abolition of user fees in public facilities in 2001 under the Health Sector Strategic Plan I of 1999/2000. Despite these measures, disparities persist, necessitating a comprehensive approach to address both supply and demand side factors influencing healthcare utilization. This study applies Andersen's behavioral model of health services to assess healthcare inequities in Uganda's public health facilities.

Methods We utilized data from the 2021 National Service Delivery Survey for analysis. Statistical analysis was conducted using STATA version 16. A multivariate logistic regression model was employed to identify factors influencing access to healthcare services from public health facilities. The model aimed to predict the probability of households accessing healthcare services from these facilities and identify key influencing factors.

Results Initial findings revealed significant associations: households where the main occupation was farming had 1.26 times higher odds of utilizing public health facilities compared to households with off-farm occupations. Urban households had a 38% lower likelihood of utilizing these services compared to rural counterparts. Additionally, households residing farther from health facilities showed increased odds (1.06 times) of accessing public health services, a trend also observed in adjusted odds ratios (1.07 times). Furthermore, larger household sizes were associated with a 1.02 times higher likelihood of utilizing public health facilities.

Conclusions Residence area, occupation, distance to health facilities, and household size are critical determinants influencing the utilization of free public health services in Uganda. Farmers, often residing in rural areas with larger families, demonstrate higher utilization rates of these services due to limited alternatives. To mitigate healthcare disparities, the government should prioritize the expansion of public health facilities in rural areas. This strategic investment can enhance equitable access to healthcare services across different demographic groups in Uganda.

Sexual and reproductive health (SRH) is widely recognized as essential for overall well-being and personal growth. However, studies suggest that people with disabilities (PWD) often face marginalization within SRH programs. In-depth interviews were conducted with sexually active young women with various disabilities to explore their access to, challenges with, and gaps in SRH services in selected sub-counties of Mayuge and Bugiri districts, Uganda. Many respondents disclosed that SRH services are integral to their lives, yet they face significant barriers to accessing these services. Young women with disabilities reported encountering negative attitudes from health providers, who often express surprise at their demand for family planning services. Information on suitable birth control methods is limited, leading to unwanted pregnancies, particularly exacerbated during the COVID-19 lockdown, where new infections such as HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases became more prevalent due to a lack of prevention measures. Young women resorting to abortion face serious consequences. The absence of sign language interpreters further complicates communication between health workers and clients with speech and hearing impairments, while the lack of appropriate equipment like height-adjustable beds makes accessing antenatal care challenging for those with short stature. Participants frequently cited the absence of a standardized package for implementing disability-friendly SRH services as a major issue. Budget allocation for necessary SRH materials is necessary to enhance the implementation of disability-friendly services. Moreover, a tailored curriculum on disability should be developed and integrated into health training institutions to cultivate a positive attitude among newly trained health workers towards clients with disabilities. Additionally, existing health workers should undergo training using a customized disability equality curriculum to foster an appreciation of PWD and promote their rights. Engaging caretakers, community volunteers, village health committees, and local leaders is crucial in promoting disability-friendly SRH services for long-term sustainability.

Introduction This study assesses the accessibility of sexual, reproductive, and HIV services in Kampala's public health facilities. It aims to understand the challenges marginalized groups face in accessing these services and suggests potential improvements. The findings will guide policy decisions and interventions for better healthcare equity and inclusivity.

Methods The study employed mixed methods to collect data from 50 peer educators and health providers at five public health facilities (Kawaala Health Centre IV, Kisugu Health Centre IV, Kisenyi Health Centre IV, Kiswa Health Centre IV, and Kitebi Health Centre IV). Quantitative data was collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS v17.0 to generate frequencies, proportions, and cross-tabulations to measure service availability and accessibility. Qualitative data was gathered through a key informant guide and analyzed thematically. Findings were presented on a 4-point Likert scale: 1 — Needs urgent remediation, 2 — Needs improvement, 3 — Meets expectations, 4 — Surpasses expectations.

Results The study shows that HIV testing (96%) availability surpasses expectations across all facilities. Female condoms were widely available (64%), but 10% of facilities need improved accessibility. Male condoms were satisfactorily available (90%). Condom-compatible lubricants were available in half of the facilities (50%), with 18% needing urgent accessibility improvements. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) services (82%) and HIV post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) services (86% availability, 82% accessibility) exceeded expectations across all facilities because all the eligible most-at-risk clients were offered the service at no cost. Information, education, and communication (IEC) materials were adequately supplied (70%), but 10% of facilities need specific materials for most-at-risk populations since IEC materials are targeting the general public and are not specific to key populations.

Conclusion In conclusion, this assessment underscores the importance of tailored services for most-at-risk populations. While availability is generally positive, addressing accessibility gaps and refining communication materials will enhance overall SRHR and HIV outcomes.

Public health facilities in Kampala, Uganda, grapple with severe challenges, notably overcrowding, impacting service quality and patient satisfaction. This study zeroes in on the health department of the Kampala Capital City Authority (KCCA) to investigate the repercussions of overcrowding on healthcare delivery. Kampala accommodates 26 publicly managed health facilities, with KCCA overseeing 8 and the Ministry of Health (MOH) managing the remainder, exacerbating congestion. Overcrowding leads to truncated patient interactions, premature discharge, resource scarcities, prolonged wait times, and heightened stress among healthcare providers. The methodology was a mixed-methods approach. Quantitative assessments evaluate facility capacity versus utilization by collecting data on patient volumes, resource availability, and service delivery. Qualitative analysis delves into the perceptions and actions of facility staff regarding client interactions and service congestion. Key informant interviews and focus group discussions further elucidate the consequences of overcrowding on healthcare delivery. Results indicate that between fiscal years 2018/19 and 2019/20, antenatal care (ANC) visits surged steadily, leading to overcrowding at Kawaala and Kisenyi facilities. Kawaala consistently exceeded its ANC capacity, with an average of over 39 excess daily visits per midwife. Postnatal care (PNC) utilization increased overall but declined significantly during FY 2019/20 due to pandemic-related restrictions. Both facilities witnessed PNC visits surpassing midwife capacity, particularly at Kisenyi, with over three excess daily visits per midwife on average. Family planning (FP) services in both facilities struggled with capacity issues, with Kisenyi experiencing over six excess daily visits per midwife on average. While bed capacity remained adequate at Kisenyi, Kawaala had to augment its beds to accommodate its load, with both facilities consistently exceeding midwife capacity for monthly births. In conclusion, to mitigate congestion, redistributing clients to private providers is proposed. Collaboration between KCCA and private providers could enhance service accessibility and quality while alleviating congestion. Such partnerships could streamline patient inflows, allowing KCCA to focus on more complex services. Reducing congestion in simpler services could free up resources for more complex services, underscoring the significance of public-private collaboration in enhancing healthcare in Kampala.

Maternal and under-5 mortality rates in Uganda surpass those of neighbouring countries, necessitating targeted policies and strategies for maternal health improvement in Kampala. Despite progress, public health facilities in the city struggle to meet the demand for maternal, newborn, and child health (MNCH) and family planning (FP) services, resulting in congestion and resource shortages. The Kampala Capital City Authority's (KCCA) Directorate of Public Health and Environment (DPHE), in collaboration with ThinkWell's Strategic Purchasing for Primary Health Care (SP4PHC) project, conducted a client profiling study to address these challenges and inform strategic purchasing decisions. A cross-sectional, mixed-methods study was conducted from July to September 2021, focusing on women and girls of reproductive age seeking MNCH and FP services at Kisenyi and Kawaala HC IVs. The study utilized document reviews, client questionnaires, and focus group discussions with clients and Village Health Teams (VHTs). Data analysis involved quantitative summaries using STATA v14 and thematic coding for qualitative insights into service-seeking behaviours. The study revealed that 79% of clients at Kisenyi HC IV and 66% at Kawaala HC IV resided within the facility catchment area. Most clients were from low social status backgrounds, employed in the informal sector, and preferred free or donor-subsidized services. Approximately 40% had completed secondary education, and the majority were married, factors positively influencing health-seeking behaviour. Key drivers for seeking services included client satisfaction and perceived quality of care. Understanding client profiles is crucial for designing effective health service delivery strategies. The study's findings offer valuable insights for KCCA in devising solutions to address the demand-supply gap and enhance strategic purchasing for MNCH and FP services. Emphasizing client satisfaction and quality of care underscores the importance of patient-centred approaches in healthcare planning and delivery.

Despite Uganda's government initiatives to include special interest groups in development programs, participation of persons with disabilities (PWDs) remains limited, with prevalent marginalization, segregation, and social exclusion. This qualitative study examines factors impeding their involvement in government-led development programs. A total of 131 participants with various disabilities such as hearing, visual, physical impairment, and albinism were purposively selected from six sub-counties in Kaliro and Mayuge districts. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. The findings indicate varied experiences among participants: some have benefited from government programs, while others lack understanding of fund allocation and information on programs like the Parish Development Model (PDM). Challenges include limited knowledge of PDM structures, difficulties accessing and owning land, lack of awareness about loan repayment requirements, and insufficient guidance on viable business plans. Additional barriers include absence of sign language interpreters, fear among persons with albinism, delays in resource allocation, and gaps in monitoring and evaluation. Recommendations include holding consultative meetings with disability leaders at all levels, conducting community entry meetings and orientation sessions, improving access to information, translating PDM handbooks into Braille, conducting annual disability access audits, budgeting for and providing assistive devices, and training peer educators.

This study delves into the landscape of freedom of expression in Uganda, aiming to grasp the extent to which Ugandans perceive and exercise this fundamental right. Analyzing data from Round 9 of the Afrobarometer survey, three key facets were scrutinized: the freedom to voice opinions, the liberty to affiliate with political organizations, and the autonomy to choose political representatives without coercion. The findings reveal a predominantly positive outlook, with a majority (79.6%) feeling completely free to express their thoughts, 84.8% to join any political organization, and 91.4% to select leaders of their choice, indicating a vibrant political landscape founded on democratic principles. However, a closer inspection unveils pockets of uncertainty and lingering apprehensions, particularly regarding the freedom to voice dissenting opinions. Despite constitutional provisions safeguarding freedom of expression (Article 29(1)), a notable percentage (20.3%) express feeling constrained in expressing opinions, 14.3% in joining political organizations, and 7.1% in choosing their preferred leaders. This highlights the importance of considering minority views alongside the majority to foster a more united, democratic, and development-oriented citizenry. In light of these findings, this study emphasizes the significance of understanding citizens' lived realities in the pursuit of freedom and democracy. It advocates for informed dialogue and advocacy efforts to cultivate a more inclusive and rights-respecting society in Uganda.

This paper discusses the effect of social media usage on customer retention in print media organizations in Uganda, a case of New Vision Printing and Publishing Company Limited. Although there are various components of social media such as Twitter, Facebook, YouTube, and Instagram, this paper specifically focuses on Facebook and its influence on customer retention in New Vision Printing and Publishing Company Limited. The study employed a cross-sectional survey research design. Self-administered questionnaires were used to collect data from a sample of 132 respondents. The data collected were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The study results show that there is a strong positive and significant correlation between Facebook usage and customer retention (r = 0.677, p = 0.000) in New Vision Printing and Publishing Company Limited. In conclusion, the findings of the study indicated that Facebook is an influential factor of customer retention at New Vision Printing and Publishing Company Limited. The study recommends that New Vision Printing and Publishing Company Limited and other firms need to appreciate the potential of Facebook in influencing the purchase decisions of consumers about the product, brand, and dealer/store choice.

The study was carried out to formulate a reconciled church liturgy for the last funeral rite ceremony that merges relevant Baganda cultural practices with the Anglican Church funeral rite practices. The study was guided by four objectives: establishing Baganda last funeral rite practices; establishing the Anglican practices during the funeral rite; analyzing the deviations and similarities of the practices; and developing an Anglican Church liturgy that reconciles both. The study used a descriptive research design, applying questionnaires, focus group discussions and interviews. The study identified Baganda practices during the last funeral service. Some did not meet the requirements of the respondents and were dropped, whereas other practices were retained. The study also developed new practices that integrated Baganda cultural funeral practices and Anglican Church standards. The study recommended the adoption of the appropriate practices that integrate the Baganda last funeral rites ceremony with relevant cultural practices and Anglican Church standards so as to minimize the conflicts, misunderstanding and discrepancies among religious beliefs. The study also suggested appropriate procedures (a preface) for the last funeral rites, categorized into two parts: one beginning on Friday evening, "casting out death," with an altar as part 1, and Saturday last funeral rites as part 2, with prescribed practices.

Using the available literature by carrying out a desk review, the paper conducts a critical analysis of global developmental history and its correlation with social economic transformations in Uganda, particularly since colonialism and further exacerbated during the neoliberal reform era.

It argues that ancient civilisations worldwide were primarily communal and naturally structured, but this communal ethos began to erode with the invasion and conquest of the Roman Empire, which covered most territories of Europe, during the Dark Ages. The document asserts that while the erosion of traditional societal structures began earlier, it intensified with the evolution of trade practices, leading to the invention of money as a commodity of commodities to fuel a market economy. This economic shift, exploited by merchants and supported by oppressive states, resulted in the alienation of the masses from their means of subsistence. The emergence of a property-owning class beginning with Britain's sixteenth and seventeenth centuries marked a social transformation known as the capitalistic revolution. Subsequently, the paper outlines the consequence of mass alienation, including impoverishment, oppression and the proliferation of slums in urban areas. The rise of possessive market economics further exacerbated issues, leading to increased immorality and criminality due to cultural erosion. This erosion, it argues, was propagated by Western individualism, disseminated globally under the guise of modernisation and development. Finally, the paper contends that the neoliberal reform was crafted and implemented to advance this agenda, further entrenching individualism and market-driven ideologies at the expense of communal values and societal well-being.

The article critically examines the Western epistemological approach to ethics, highlighting its ethnocentric nature and its promotion of individualistic philosophies, which often foster unethical practices by neglecting social and cultural contexts. It contrasts this with cultural approaches to ethics, questioning the universality of Western ethical standards. Furthermore, the article delves into the principles of ethics in public administration, developed as part of wider neoliberal reforms. It suggests that these principles may serve to conceal or legitimize socially harmful policies associated with Western civilization. A significant focus of the article is on corruption, challenging the notion that it is solely a problem of individual moral failings. Instead, it traces the roots of corruption to the infusion of barbarism into European modern civilization, which subsequently spread globally. Examining the causes of corruption, as outlined in an IMF working paper from 1998, the article suggests that these causes may have been identified to justify public sector reform agendas. It then shifts its focus to corruption in Uganda, particularly its escalation following the implementation of neoliberal policies, which accelerated cultural erosion. Concluding, the article asserts that the situation in Uganda is not unique but rather a recurring phenomenon under the guise of modern civilization, suggesting a need for critical reflection on the impacts of Western epistemologies and neoliberal reforms on global ethical frameworks.

Kawempe Division in Uganda grapples with a significant youth population facing challenging circumstances, particularly in slum areas where substance abuse is prevalent due to socio-economic disparities and limited support services. While social entrepreneurship offers promise in addressing this issue, barriers such as lack of resources, stigma, and sustainability challenges persist. Meaningful community engagement is crucial, yet trust-building and collaboration efforts face obstacles. Without adequate planning and partnerships, interventions may struggle to maintain impact in resource-constrained environments like Kawempe Division. To effectively address substance abuse among youth in Kawempe Division, social entrepreneurship initiatives must navigate complex socio-economic and cultural factors, emphasizing integrated solutions that tackle root causes. Key components include awareness and education, access to support services, alternative activities promotion, peer education, community partnership, stigma reduction, and sustainability efforts through monitoring and evaluation.

Introduction The cohort referred to as youth are people within the age of 15–35, a definition which varies within different entities, instruments and institutions. A few decades ago this category was identified and recognized as crucial, with a number of instruments instituted to integrate them into development agendas. The emergence of the internet and social media throws this group into the limelight as ardent users. This study examines the possibility of using social media for youth participating in civic engagements in Uganda.

Methods Data was collected from a cross-sectional survey of 304 respondents drawn from Rubaga, one of the divisions that make up Kampala Capital City Authority. SPSS was used to analyse quantitative data, and themes were generated from focus group discussions and key informant interviews to analyse qualitative data.

Results Mobile phone use is high among the youth, with some owning more than one phone. The respondents were on social media for more than 15 hours a day, despite being unemployed and dependent. Social media engagements were mostly on entertainment and rarely related to civic activities.

Conclusions The study revealed a seemingly inconsistent behavior of youth who indicated that they do not share information on civic engagements, while there is an organized structure for inclusion of youth (National Youth Act) in civic issues from grassroots to national level. The study highlighted the disconnect between the framers and implementers of policies and the consumers (youth). The study further showed that pockets of youth are hand-picked for political leadership positions. Youth do not engage in competitive politics because they are categorized as a special interest group with women, children and people with disability.

The Broken Windows theory posits that when minor crimes and disorder are ignored, they escalate into more serious issues, perpetuating a cycle of urban decay. Developed by Kelling and Wilson (1988), the theory suggests that visible signs of crime and social disorder foster an environment conducive to further criminal activity. This paper addresses the contemporary crisis of chaos marked by escalating urban street crimes and widespread corruption within legislative and corporate spheres. It argues that these phenomena contribute to a deterioration of societal order, akin to the Broken Windows theory's premise. The emergence of a "deep state" further complicates matters, as unauthorized networks of power operate outside legitimate state control, pursuing agendas detrimental to societal well-being. Drawing on successful applications of the Broken Windows theory in cities like New York City, Tokyo, and others, the paper advocates its implementation in Uganda to restore security and stability. It highlights the theory's potential to curb the proliferation of crimes such as the alarming "flying kick" incidents in the capital city. In conclusion, the paper asserts that embracing and applying the Broken Windows theory is crucial for restoring peace and stability in Uganda, echoing its success globally since 1986. It warns that neglecting this approach risks exacerbating societal decay and irreversible consequences.

This paper draws insights from biblical scriptures, particularly the book of 1 Kings, and the works of renowned African literature scholars to explore parallels between ancient Israel and contemporary Uganda's tax regime. The study aims to provide guidance amidst escalating tensions between Kampala city traders and the Uganda Revenue Authority (URA), manifesting in recent riots. The primary objective is to utilize historical perspectives to address current challenges and inform future strategies. The analysis of Uganda's tax system reflects societal divisions, conflicts, and entrenched disparities between the affluent and marginalized. The affluent, comprising political leaders, URA officials, and military personnel, contrast sharply with struggling urban traders and destitute small business operators who have lost their livelihoods.

Central to this discussion is the acknowledgment of the intricate relationship among religion, politics, and taxation. Attempting to separate these elements overlooks critical insights necessary for effective governance. Furthermore, the paper contributes to ongoing economic debates by advocating for a broadened tax base rather than intensified taxation. The study employs qualitative methods, offering a detailed analysis of stakeholder perspectives on Uganda's tax policies. Findings underscore a profound disconnect between the government and taxpayers, emphasizing the need for inclusive policy-making and dialogue. In conclusion, this paper underscores the relevance of historical narratives in shaping contemporary fiscal policies. It recommends fostering greater inclusivity in tax policy formulation to mitigate tensions and promote economic equity in Uganda.

Grievances stemming from land disputes and perceived ethnic inequalities can significantly disrupt community cohesion and impede overall development. Addressing these issues effectively is crucial for fostering resilience and harmony within communities. The Integrated Grievance Management System (IGMS) presents a promising approach to tackle such challenges, aiming to enhance local conflict resolution mechanisms and promote community empowerment. This study assessed the effectiveness of IGMS through qualitative interviews conducted with 64 community members from Kyanja Parish. Participants were selected to represent diverse perspectives on grievance management within the community. Semi-structured interviews were utilized to explore community perceptions and experiences regarding the implementation of IGMS. Data analysis focused on identifying key themes and patterns related to the impact of IGMS on grievance resolution and community dynamics.

The findings highlight several positive outcomes attributed to IGMS. Firstly, the system facilitated the training of local leaders in conflict resolution skills, enhancing their ability to manage disputes effectively. Secondly, IGMS promoted culturally sensitive mediation practices, which proved essential in addressing grievances rooted in local customs and traditions. Thirdly, community members reported a reduction in fear and insecurity associated with unresolved grievances, indicating improved social stability. The study underscores the importance of transparent decision-making processes, equitable resource allocation, and the integration of local knowledge systems in tailoring grievance management strategies to the cultural context of Kyanja Parish. Moreover, it emphasizes the critical role of raising awareness about grievance management rights and advocating for early intervention to prevent grievances from escalating. In conclusion, the Integrated Grievance Management System demonstrates promising potential in enhancing community resilience and promoting inclusive development in Kyanja Parish. By strengthening local conflict resolution capacities, promoting cultural sensitivity in mediation, and fostering transparent decision-making, IGMS contributes to fostering stronger communities. Moving forward, continued efforts to prioritize equitable resource distribution and respect for local knowledge systems are essential for sustaining these positive impacts.

The purpose of the study is to demonstrate how clarifying duties and responsibilities of Human Resources Management (HR) departments enhances the significance and prominence of HR departments in government institutions in Uganda. The authors employ structural equation modeling to test hypotheses. The research was conducted in 153 Uganda government institutions over a period of 2 years. A sample size of 109 respondents was drawn from institutions including ministries, departments and agencies from different parts of the country. Role clarity in terms of expectations, information and outcomes was significantly related to the significance and prominence of HR departments in government institutions in Uganda. In order to boost the position, significance and prominence of HR departments in government institutions, management needs to design a clear understanding of the job responsibilities, expectations and goals of HR departments for all concerned. This is one of the studies that have focused on testing the relationship between understanding the duties and responsibilities of HR departments and the significance and prominence of HR departments in government institutions in Uganda. These results highlight the positive relationship and encourage government institutions to make the roles of the HR department clear in order to enable significance and prominence.

The study examined the effectiveness of stock valuation methods and investment decision making in telecommunication companies in Uganda, a case of MTN Uganda (MTNU). The specific objectives were to examine the effectiveness of the dividend discounting model (DDM) in investment decision making on MTN Uganda, to establish the effectiveness of the discounted cash flow model (DCF) in investment decision making on MTN Uganda, and to examine the relationship between weighted average cost of capital (WACC) and investment decision making on MTN Uganda. A cross-sectional design was adopted using a quantitative method with a study population of 30 and a sample size of 28, and questionnaires were the main data collection method. Findings revealed a significant moderate positive relationship between the effectiveness of the dividend discount model and MTN's strong dividend policy payment; a positive relationship between the effectiveness of the discounted cash flow model and investment decision making in MTN Uganda, as 83.2% of the respondents agreed; none of the respondents were not sure, and 44.3% disagreed that the DCF model helps MTN Uganda identify high-return investment opportunities; and a strong relationship between the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) and investment decision making on MTN Uganda.

It was thus concluded that the discounted cash flow model as well as the weighted average cost of capital were crucial for making ideal investment decisions, and that the dividend decision has no great effect on investment decisions though it can be used in conjunction with other valuation methods to get the true intrinsic value of a stock, a case of MTN. However, the study highlighted the importance of considering the economic status of investors, market sentiment, industry trends, corporate governance and regulatory factors in decision-making processes. It is recommended that before making any major investment decision, investors, stockholders, investment managers, and financial analysts use a combination of valuation methods to get a comprehensive view of a stock's value, continuously monitoring and updating with any significant changes in the market, industry, technology and government regulations, as well as performing scenario analysis to understand how different changes such as the risk-free rate, discount rates, and economic and market conditions might affect investment decisions.

This research will examine the relationship that exists between pre-purchase expectations, perceived service value, hotel service attributes and guest satisfaction in the hotel industry in Uganda. Specifically, the study will: (i) assess the relationship between pre-purchase expectations and guest satisfaction; (ii) examine the relationship between perceived service value and guest satisfaction; (iii) examine the relationship between hotel service attributes and guest satisfaction; (iv) determine the relationship between pre-purchase expectations and hotel service attributes; (v) evaluate the relationship between perceived service value and hotel service attributes; (vi) examine the mediating role of hotel service attributes in the relationship between pre-purchase expectations and guest satisfaction; and (vii) explore the mediating effect of hotel service attributes in the association between perceived service value and guest satisfaction in the hotel industry in Kampala City, Uganda. The researcher will employ a pragmatic approach drawing from both positivist and interpretivist perspectives. A mixed-methods research design will be used, encompassing convergent, exploratory sequential and explanatory sequential designs. A five-point Likert scale questionnaire will be administered to a sample of 144 administrative-level employees across thirteen five-star hotels in Kampala Central Division, together with 200 guest reviews from TripAdvisor.com. Other supplementary sources, such as managers or supervisors, will also be considered. Data will be analyzed using means, standard deviations and diagnostic tests, including autocorrelation, normality, heteroscedasticity, linearity, multicollinearity and endogeneity tests. Structural equation modelling using AMOS and multiple regression analysis will be conducted, and MedGraph will be used to measure the mediating effect of hotel service attributes.

The authors proposed that social identity predicts Human Resources Management (HR) visibility practices in government institutions in Uganda. Structural equation modelling was employed to test hypotheses. The research was carried out among 153 Uganda government institutions over a period of 2 years. A sample of 109 institutions was drawn from Uganda government institutions including ministries, departments and agencies (MDAs). HR departments' practices were significantly related to how other departments appreciate the contributions, skills, achievements and impact of HR departments in government institutions in Uganda. The predictors of social identity — self-conception, relationships and collective memberships — and of HR visibility — strategic positioning, stakeholder expectations, strategic partnerships and social transformation — showed a significant relationship. HR departments' distinctiveness and institutional relationships significantly contribute to the skills, achievements, impact and contributions of HR departments in government institutions. Heads of HR departments need to stand out prominently and relate well with other departments to exhibit the significance of HR departments. The study focused on testing how HR departments in government institutions relate with other departments and how the relationship affects contributions, skills, achievements and impact on institutional performance. The results highlight the positive relationship between HR departments and how they contribute to institutional performance.

Patient satisfaction is an important measure of service quality in health care systems. It is also an important determinant of success and long-term survival in the health care industry, especially in the present competitive conditions. Among other determinants, service quality highly influences stakeholders' health-seeking behaviours, which they define according to their roles and interests. The study examined the effect of service quality on patient satisfaction in Naguru Hospital, Kampala, with the objectives of assessing the effect of tangibles, reliability and empathy on patient satisfaction. The study adopted a cross-sectional survey research design and used qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection. The targeted study population was 394, out of which a sample of 284 respondents was randomly selected. Questionnaire and interview methods were used in data collection. Results revealed positive strong significant associative relationships between tangibles and patient satisfaction (r = 0.801, sig = 0.000, R² = 0.641 for patients; and r = 0.734, sig = 0.000 for staff); between reliability and patient satisfaction (r = 0.537, sig = 0.000, R² = 0.266 for patients; and r = 0.502, sig = 0.000, R² = 0.252 for staff); and between empathy and patient satisfaction (r = 0.796, sig = 0.000, R² = 0.634 for patients; and r = 0.784, sig = 0.000, R² = 0.615 for staff). In conclusion, all three dimensions of service quality (tangibles, reliability and empathy) influence patient satisfaction in Naguru Hospital. Recommendations: tangibles — improve the cleanliness of the physical facilities and neatness of the environment; reliability — improve timeliness of service by reducing patient waiting time; empathy — staff should provide patient-centred care. The hospital administration needs to improve staff communication skills in dealing with patients and the level of response to their needs, and regularly assess patient perceptions and satisfaction through surveys.

The study examined the relationship between work burnout and performance of church ministers in Namirembe Diocese. The specific objectives included to determine the effect of exhaustion on performance, establish the effect of depersonalisation on performance, and assess the influence of personal accomplishment on performance of church ministers. This paper focused on the influence of personal accomplishment on performance. The study adopted a correlational and cross-sectional research design and collected data using a self-administered questionnaire. The sample size of 41 respondents was drawn from a study population of 80. Probability and non-probability sampling methods were employed, including simple random sampling and purposive sampling. Data was analysed using SPSS to generate frequencies, percentages, means, standard deviations, correlations and regression. The correlational results revealed a moderate positive significant relationship between personal accomplishment and performance (r = 0.466, p = 0.002, N = 41). The findings showed that church ministers who do not have diminished personal achievement effectively and efficiently perform their duties. The church needs to take measures to increase church ministers' desire for personal accomplishment through training and refresher courses, goal setting, career development, and promotion, among other personal development strategies.

This paper discusses the influence of customer relationship management (CRM) strategies and service quality of public sector organizations in Uganda using a case of National Water and Sewerage Corporation, City Center. The study looks at various components of CRM strategies such as complaint management, customer experience management and customer service. This article focuses on complaint management and service quality. Complaint management is described, in a positive sense, as a report from a consumer providing documentation about a problem with a product or service. The study employed a cross-sectional survey research design. Self-administered questionnaires were used to collect data from a sample of 171 respondents. The data collected was analyzed using SPSS. The study results show a strong positive correlation between complaint management and service quality (r = 0.665), thereby concluding that complaint management is significant in predicting service quality, which enables public sector organizations to develop and maintain long-term relationships with customers. Based on the findings, organizations seeking to cultivate quality relationships with their customers should design appropriate complaint-handling schemes to address customer complaints when they arise, as well as train their service personnel and encourage them to be creative, constructive and professional in handling customer complaints.

The increasing relevancy of work-life balance (WLB) is a result of the multifaceted demands arising from family and work domains of bank employees due to workplace and demographic changes. Several studies have investigated WLB and employees' performance in Europe, America, Asia, and a few in Africa. However, no study has investigated the influence of WLB strategies on employees' performance in Ugandan commercial banks. Accordingly, this quantitative multiple case study aimed to evaluate the influence of the family domain on millennial employees' performance in the commercial banks Stanbic and Centenary in Kampala, Uganda. The target population was the generation of millennials. The work-family border theory aided development of the study null hypothesis to test the relationship between the family domain and millennial employees' performance. Inclusion-exclusion criteria and purposive sampling were adopted to arrive at a sample size of 283 participants for data collection using an online questionnaire. Trustworthiness of data was established using Cronbach's alpha, rho and Fornell and Larcker criteria, together with SPSS and Smart Partial Least Squares (PLS) for data analysis. A bootstrapping approach and t and p values were used to test for direct relationships between the family domain and millennial employees' performance in both banks. The family domain revealed no statistical relationship with millennial employees' level of performance (β = 0.021, t-value = 0.480 < 1.165, p = 0.631 > 0.05). As a contribution to knowledge, the work-family border theory proved inadequate in explaining the relationship between millennial employees' work-life and their performance, and another theory can be adopted to fill the gap. As a contribution to professional practice, bank managers should design and implement strategies that can support employees to overcome family-related challenges in order to induce high job performance from millennial or Generation Y employees.

This study will explore the intersection of finance, science, innovation, and sustainability, focusing on the role of financial mechanisms in scaling sustainable innovations to enhance productivity. In an era marked by increasing environmental degradation, social inequality, and economic volatility, there is a pressing need to accelerate the adoption of science-based solutions that promote sustainable development. However, scaling such innovations often requires substantial investment, posing challenges for entrepreneurs, researchers, and policymakers alike. Drawing on insights from impact investing, green finance, public-private partnerships, and fintech innovation, this study will examine how various financial tools and mechanisms can be leveraged to support the development and deployment of sustainable innovations. It will also highlight the importance of aligning financial incentives with environmental and social objectives to drive positive impact while generating financial returns. The study will use a multi-faceted methodology incorporating both qualitative and quantitative research approaches to provide a comprehensive understanding of current practices, challenges, and opportunities in financing sustainable innovations, while also identifying effective strategies for overcoming barriers and driving positive change.

This study investigates teacher management strategies for dyslexic children in inclusive classrooms, taking a case of Aga Khan Primary School in Kampala. A survey was conducted involving 43 teaching staff and 33 dyslexic children, utilizing questionnaires and interviews for data collection. Teachers identified dyslexic children by noting reversals in letter sequences, incorrect spellings, illegible writing, writing difficulties, short-term memory issues, and challenges in peer interactions. Findings underscored several challenges, including inadequate teacher training on dyslexia, inflexible curricula, difficulties in early dyslexia assessment, and dyslexic children's low completion rates and task concentration. Collaboration between teachers and parents, especially mothers, emerged as crucial for supporting dyslexic children's educational success. Effective collaboration in inclusive classroom management is pivotal, necessitating strategies such as differentiated learning approaches, peer support systems, enhanced parental involvement, and increased awareness among parents for early dyslexia identification. These recommendations aim to foster an inclusive educational environment conducive to the success of dyslexic children.

This study aimed at establishing the relationship between professional development and retention of teachers in higher institutions in Uganda, using the cases of Ndejje University, Uganda Martyrs University and Uganda Christian University. The research objective was to establish the relationship between staff performance appraisal and retention of teachers in higher institutions. The study adopted a correlational research design. The study population included all teachers in the three universities, a total of 273, from which 162 respondents were sampled using the Krejcie and Morgan (1970) table. Both purposive and simple random sampling techniques were used. Questionnaires and interviews were used.

The findings show a positive correlation between the combination of all three forms of professional development (teachers' performance appraisal, training practices and promotion practices) and retention of teachers in higher institutions, with a multiple correlation coefficient (R) of 0.708. This implies a moderate positive relationship between the two variables, since the significant value is 0.000, which is less than 0.01. It also means that professional development relates to retention of teachers in higher institutions by a magnitude of 70.8%. The study concludes that, in light of this fact, teachers are given attention and the necessary provisions for an enabling and conducive environment for their retention by a small percentage of only 15.2%, considering the Pearson correlation coefficient r = 0.708. The positive value of r implies that an increase in professional development increases retention of teachers, and vice versa.

The study recommends that organizations establish and adopt performance appraisal systems that would enable effective appraisal of employees.

The study focused on physical activity, sedentary behaviors and metabolic syndrome among Ndejje University students. A total of 120 students of Ndejje University participated. The study set out to find physical activity patterns, the magnitude of sedentary behavior, and an association with metabolic syndrome among university students. Specific objectives were to identify the nature of physical activities and the magnitude of sedentary behaviors, establish barriers to physical activity, examine the relationship between physical activity (moderate to vigorous physical activity, MVPA) and sedentary behaviors, and develop a psychosocial intervention for physical activity patterns that reduces metabolic syndrome. The transtheoretical model was used as a central guideline. Results showed that on average 62% of participants met the MVPA recommended guidelines (60 minutes on 5 days a week). Traditional fitness sessions elicited the highest percent of MVPA, followed by dancing and games, sports skills, and flexibility. The value of R-square was 0.66, which implies that students' engagement in physical activity relates to sedentary behaviors by 66%, at a significance level of less than 0.05, among students of Ndejje University. Using the transtheoretical model for self-efficacy as a psychological intervention to reduce sedentary behaviors and metabolic syndrome, the personal factor was the greatest barrier to physical activities. Regarding gender, 74.0% of the male students and 67.2% of female students performed physical activity. The physical activity guidelines recommend that adults aged 19 to 40 and above should undertake physical activity to improve muscle strength on at least two days a week, and adults who are at risk of falls should incorporate physical activity to improve balance and co-ordination on at least two days a week.

Globally, computer technology has taken over most of the activities in almost every sector, including health. The application and use of advanced applications such as artificial intelligence (AI) has created opportunities, options and challenges in healthcare practices. According to Ajari and Ojilong (2020), in developing countries, among which Uganda is included, the doctor-to-patient ratio stands at 1:25,000, which is below the World Health Organization (WHO) benchmark of 1:1,000. This means most patients in Uganda never get to see a doctor whenever they are sick. With the application of artificial intelligence, which has the ability to mimic human intelligence in making analysis, interrogation, probing and drawing conclusions or predictions, computer systems can be utilized in extending healthcare services in hard-to-reach areas and where the doctor-to-patient ratio is high, and can provide personalized or customized healthcare services including guidance, support and feedback to patients and healthcare workers in a timely and accurate manner throughout treatment. Secondly, AI can also provide palliative care for patients who may need it. This paper aims at identifying the impact of artificial intelligence on the healthcare process, presenting some of the applications of AI in healthcare, and elaborating the benefits of the application to both the government and the community, plus the challenges that may arise as a result of utilizing AI. It closes with recommendations on the current and future direction for the use of AI to improve healthcare services.

Recently, parking has become a serious issue and even worsens because of the rapidly increasing number of vehicle densities, especially in peak hours. The current study presents an Internet of Things (IoT) based guidance for users to monitor and book parking space for a vehicle, and for managing and monitoring free parking space. The study aims at implementing smarter and better parking guidance mechanisms which significantly reduce difficulty in the conventional parking system. The system collects the statistical traffic data and forwards it to the user, and therefore the user can check the parking status from anywhere using the internet and any browser. The user can also book a parking slot by creating his or her profile on the server. A mobile application is also provided that allows an end user to check the availability of parking space and book a parking slot accordingly. The statistical traffic data collection tools used were questionnaires (open-ended and closed questionnaires) and interviews. Easy smart parking can increase the economy by reducing fuel consumption, time wastage and pollution in urban cities.

Herein, we report the main components of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), which are an emerging cheap and environmentally benign alternative for solar energy capture and conversion to electricity. The role of individual parts such as the semiconductor electrode, counter electrode, photosensitizer, electrolyte, and substrate, and their contribution to the overall efficiency (η) of DSSCs, are discussed. In addition, parameters such as short-circuit current, open-circuit voltage, and fill factor used to quantify the efficiency of DSSCs are addressed. The highest solar-to-electric energy conversion efficiency of 13% has been achieved using titanium dioxide as a semiconductor electrode, a triiodide system as a redox couple, and platinum counter electrodes. Semiconductors made of materials such as glass, carbon, conductive polymers and other metal oxides have lower efficiencies (less than 8%). In addition, synthetic photosensitizers, especially ruthenium complexes, have higher efficiencies (10–11%) compared to natural dyes, among which the highest efficiency (4.6%) was achieved using chlorophyll. The performance of natural dyes based on efficiency of the DSSC is generally in the order chlorophyll > anthocyanins > carotenoids, which is highly attributed to their structure, which not only dictates electron release and recombination but also attachment to other components. The DSSC performance is not fixed but rather tunable by variations in the components to achieve desired structural and electronic properties. The energy band gap can be reduced by incorporation of other metal salts to extend the absorption range, and additives can prevent electron recombination with the photosensitizer or hindrances in the electrolyte redox reactions. This work addresses the challenges and future modifications of DSSCs as a means to improve conversion efficiency, as well as the use of cheap and environmentally benign materials.

The production of burnt clay bricks is well known for its sustainable attributes, including low water absorption, durability, and high thermal efficiency. However, the kilning process required for brick production poses sustainability challenges due to significant energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Ant-hill soil, with its high bulk density and low porosity resulting from termite activity, has unique properties that make it a promising material for brick and block production without the need for firing. This study explores the feasibility of using ant-hill soil to create unburnt earth blocks and bricks as a sustainable alternative. Ordinary Portland cement (OPC), used in the ratios of 10%, 20%, and 30% of the dry unit weight of the ant-hill soil, was used as the binder to prefabricate blocks with dimensions of 200 mm × 100 mm × 96 mm (length × width × height). The methodology for testing the physical properties of the ant-hill soil and prefabricated blocks adhered to British Standards (BS) and American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards. The plasticity index of ant-hill soil was found to be 26.7%. The compressive strengths of the prefabricated ant-hill blocks obtained after 28 days of curing for the samples containing 10%, 20%, and 30% OPC were 4.9, 6.0 and 7.0 MPa, respectively. Moreover, the 30% mix demonstrated superior dry density and water absorption resistance. The study concluded that ant-hill soil could be effectively utilized to produce unburnt earth blocks.

The existence of sulphates in soils and groundwater has been identified as one of the major causes of the deterioration of concrete-based structures. Sulphate-induced physical damage to concrete results in surface scaling, crystallization, and spalling. The current standards that assess how well concrete performs under sulphate attack only address the chemical aspect of the attack; physical attack has been disregarded and, in some cases, confused with chemical sulphate attack. This study examined the volume of permeable voids and cement hydration for CEM I/42.5N and CEM IV/B 32.5N under ideal curing conditions as well as partial immersion in a solution containing 5% sodium sulphate. Water absorption and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were the techniques used. The results showed that physical sulphate attack reduces cement hydration in concrete over time. For CEM IV/B 32.5N, this reduction was 3.1%, 6.2%, and 10.3%; for CEM I/42.5N, it was 1.2%, 2.2%, and 4.3% at 3, 7, and 28 days, respectively. The volume of permeable voids in concrete increases as a result of physical sulphate attack; increments of 6.9%, 8.3%, and 25%, and 2.0%, 5.6%, and 13.1% were noted at 3, 7, and 28 days, respectively, for CEM IV/32.5N and CEM I/42.5N. Testing for the presence of sulphates is advised because physical sulphate attack has a negative impact on the strength, durability, and appearance of concrete over time.

Concrete gains strength through hydration, which is an exothermic process: it releases heat. Therefore, temperature has a significant impact on the strength gain of concrete. Elevated temperatures initially increase the compressive strength of concrete due to the accelerated rate of hydration but later result in lower compressive strength gain due to the evaporation of hydration water. On the other hand, lower temperatures result in slow strength gain due to the slowed rate of hydration. To study the effect of temperature variations on compressive strength of concrete, concrete cubes were cured in varying temperature conditions, namely −10°C to 10°C, 20–25°C, 40°C to 60°C, and −10°C to 60°C, and the cubes were crushed to obtain the compressive strengths at 3, 7 and 28 days. The findings reveal that temperature fluctuations significantly influence strength development during the early stages. At 3 days, cubes subjected to varying temperatures (−10°C to 60°C) had a compressive strength of 13.9 MPa, and 16.8 MPa for the isothermally cured concrete (20–25°C), producing a relative strength ratio of 0.82 for the concrete subjected to varying temperatures compared with the isothermally cured concrete. The effect of temperature variations was minimal on the final compressive strength at 28 days: 32.9 MPa for concrete exposed to varying temperatures and 35.2 MPa for isothermally cured concrete, producing a relative strength ratio of 0.93. The research outcomes have led to the modification of the existing Saul's model to incorporate a temperature variation constant (α), enabling a more accurate prediction of concrete strength under varying temperature conditions. The study outlines the importance of proper curing of concrete and alternative mechanisms to mitigate the adverse effects of temperature variations on concrete.

The habitation of houses without floor finishes has risks of spreading dust and mud-related health issues. Conventional mud (earthen) finishes are susceptible to water ingress and sanitation-related challenges that compromise the load capacity of the floor and the health of occupants. To assess the performance of earthen finishes, three types of earthen floor finishes were prepared: premium, hybrid, and conventional mud (control). Compressive strength and absorption tests, adhering to standards such as ASTM and BS codes, were performed. Results indicated that earthen finishes, particularly those treated with flaxseed oil, demonstrated favorable properties for sustainable construction. The treated samples exhibited moderate plasticity, low shrinkage, and enhanced water resistance, with compressive strength values suitable for residential construction. Specifically, unsoaked premium-type samples showed a compressive strength of 10.2 MPa, while hybrid-type samples had 9.8 MPa. These values are slightly higher than lean concrete grades C10 and C7.5 respectively. Soaked samples of premium type retained a compressive strength of 9.2 MPa with a water absorption rate of 2.5%, whereas hybrid-type samples had a compressive strength of 3.8 MPa and a water absorption rate of 3.3%. Conventional mud-type samples without flaxseed oil treatment crumbled when soaked, highlighting the significance of the treatment for durability. The assessment emphasizes the use of earthen finishes with multiple layers of flaxseed oil to prevent water ingress and enhance the structural strength of the floors.

Parabolic solar cookers provide a clean and economical cooking method, but their efficiency can be enhanced. This report investigates approaches to improve the performance of these cookers: optimizing collector design, utilizing advanced materials, and incorporating thermal energy storage. The work was done through questionnaires, design of parabolic receivers, suggestions for extending the cookers to villages, analysis of existing efficiency data, and experimental methods that included the boiling-water experiment.

Collector design:
The report observed the impact of optimizing the parabolic shape for better focus, investigating alternative reflector materials with higher reflectivity, and analyzing surface treatments to minimize reflection losses.

Material selection:
Advanced materials for the collector dish, such as reflective films or lightweight, high-reflectivity metals, can improve performance. Heat-resistant, high-conductivity materials for the cooking pot can improve heat absorption and retention.

Thermal energy storage:
Phase-change materials (PCMs) or other storage methods can extend cooking times or maintain heat during less sunny periods.

Potential benefits:
Increased efficiency could lead to faster cooking, higher temperatures that allow a wider variety of dishes, and simpler operation and maintenance, making solar cooking more practical in regions with ample sunlight.

Most green-energy harvesting opportunities are premised on using naturally occurring and accessible energy potential such as waterfalls, rapids, and recurrent climatic factors like solar energy, wind energy, and geothermal energy, all of which usually result in zero carbon dioxide emission to the atmosphere. This paper mainly aims to highlight the benefit of exploiting location-specific factors such as latitude, geography and relief features, elevation, proximity to significant water bodies and local demographics to enhance performance rating for such sites with regard to energy yield and sustainability when identifying power-plant locations for green energy sources. It also demonstrates that location-specific factors can serve as a key to the combined addressing of green-energy and irrigation-water needs.

The overall performance assessment criterion entails a four-fold process: environment impact, social impact, sustainability, and financial viability.

The method employed at this preliminary assessment stage uses Google Maps' three-dimensional measurement capability (longitude, latitude and elevation). This initial review reports preliminary observations for a location in the south of Uganda at Lwamaggwa Hills, a place very close to the Equator.

This preliminary review assesses three key parameters that would determine viability of using stored water to generate electricity during off-peak solar harvesting through a closed-loop hydropower process. The parameters considered using approximation techniques are: (i) the aggregate area available for the combined harvesting of solar energy, rainwater, plus high-elevation water-storage capacity; (ii) the average height difference between a series of hill peaks and flat-valley areas; and (iii) the aggregated area of available valley areas where discharged water from the closed-loop system can be stored for recycling.

Other preliminary information compiled includes climatic information: the annual average high-intensity sun-hours, the annual and seasonal average rainfall for the Lwamaggwa area, and the high-elevation area for combined solar harvest, rainwater harvest, and elevated water storage.

Since the paper provides preliminary findings based on desk reviews and remote measurements using Google Earth Pro, it presumes a subsequent field study involving a small research team and extensive fieldwork that will yield empirical data and current demographic status for Lwamaggwa Hills. Envisaged additional outcomes include improving access to clean water and water for agricultural use for nearby communities, and reducing pressure on forest depletion for domestic energy from charcoal and firewood.

Windows play a crucial role in buildings, enhancing indoor environments with natural light and ventilation while presenting challenges such as heat loss and discomfort. Moreover, in rapidly developing urban areas like Kampala City, high-rise buildings with large window-to-wall ratios (WWR) increase energy consumption for air-conditioning due to solar radiation. Thus, building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) windows offer a solution by integrating PV cells within windows, reducing solar heat gain and generating electricity. This research investigates enhancing energy efficiency and comfort in Kampala City buildings through BIPV windows, identifying suitable solar cell types, designing visual characteristics, and minimizing solar heat gain while maximizing light transmission. The study focuses on implementing BIPV windows in arcades, shopping malls, multifunctional buildings, and hotels in Kampala City to improve energy efficiency and occupants' comfort and productivity. Different BIPV window configurations are explored, and recommendations are provided for specifying window performance based on factors such as U-factors and solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC). Holistic consideration of window and glazing choices is essential, accounting for building use, local climate, utility rates, and orientation. The research analyses findings from primary and secondary sources. These data are generic input data for a feasibility analysis that can fit infrastructure and construction, based on the situation in Kampala City, with results intended as an indicator for standards in the East African Community (EAC).

Mbale City, with high population density, infrastructure, businesses, and agricultural activities, faces significant vulnerability to flooding. These inundations lead to a decline in the area's health, social fabric, and economic development, causing substantial commercial losses. Consequently, there is a growing demand for urban flood modelling tools that can accurately predict surface water floods resulting from intense precipitation. This can contribute to effective management of the associated risks. The study applied the hydrologic (HEC-HMS) and hydraulic (HEC-RAS) models to simulate a suitable flood mitigation intervention in Mbale City. The model outcomes indicated that the peak of the floods was highest at the Mbale–Soroti road part of the city compared with other portions and existed for about 24 hours, due to heavy rain in the catchment. The results likewise showed that the flood peak can be reduced by introducing three detention basins, reducing the discharge from 6.1 m³/s to 2.5 m³/s in the upstream of the catchment, which are an appropriate flood management intervention for Mbale City. This study therefore recommends complete modelling of the entire Namatala catchment with the observed flows of River Mpologoma for enhanced outcomes.